Near shore bathymetric and topographic surveys in Marmara Sea

Abstract

Hydrographic Survey is the SCIence which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of bodies of water and scientific mapping of the sea bed for navigation while bathymetric survey is related to topography of seafloor. The difference between land surveying and bathymetric survey is not being able to see the sea surface during observations, so collected data entirely rely on remote measurements. Early tools used at very beginning were very slow and eventually they replaced by modem techniques such as optical systems, acoustic and satellites. Each method is appropriate for different applications, for instance manual techniques can be preferred at construction applications while aerial photography may be suitable method in extremely shallow water. Thus, different techniques are explained according to surveying type. In addition to depth values, one must define also the point position that is distance measurement. There are several ways of distance measurement for different purposes. On the other hand all vertical and horizontal data have a meaning when they represented in a way that in common use. Coordinate systems are used to display measuring data in an understandable form. Consequently, depth measurement, point positioning and mapping are main stages of bathymetric survey and they thoroughly explained in this thesis with an example study. Living in country of which three sides are sea, it is inevitable solution to benefit from water resources for transportation. Water resources of the world compared to terrestrial resources are offering economical solution for all types of transportation for comfort and speed. For this reason The Marmaray Project which is a rail line project between the European and Anatolian sides of Istanbul, linking two continents by an under Bosporus tunnel, undertaken to meet the transportation demand of Istanbul City. Application section oftms thesis is a part ofthat significant project.